Abstract: Monoelemental 2D atomic crystalline materials of non-carbon elements have an atomic layer thickness similar to that of graphene, but also have unique properties. They are becoming an important research field of condensed matter physics and new materials, and promise to exhibit new properties with wide applications. This paper reviews the development of these 2D atomic crystals in the past few years, with a detailed description of their structure,physical properties, application prospects, and various other aspects.